Malaysia's Subsidy and Budget Deficit Conundrum

In reality, running a Government is similar to running a company in many respects. Both have revenues and spending to adhere to. When a Government runs a deficit then it needs to sell Treasury bills, notes and bonds to raise funds. Similarly when a company is short of cash, it can raise funds by selling securities. In a way it can be said that the total debt incurred by the Government is the total outstanding government securities. Thus the total or national debt at any point of time is the sum of all prior deficits. Hence, when a Government runs a deficit, the national debt will be increased by the amount of the deficit.

Why do Government run deficits? One good reason is that it spends more than the revenue it collects because it did not exercise fiscal restraint or spend prudently in layman’s term. Another reason might be the decrease in tax revenue collection. When an economy contracts the deficit is likely to increase because people and businesses are making less money and hence pay less income and corporate taxes. Whenever an economy is experiencing a downturn, Government spending tends to increase through fiscal and budgetary expansion.   

Subsidy is a sensitive economic tool used for helping certain targeted sector of the economy. Farm subsidies have existed for centuries in Western Economies. Farmers are subsidized so that their produce remains competitive in world markets while ensuring employment stays high. The effectiveness of subsidies can be viewed from different angles. On the negative side it leads to an inefficient allocation of resources. The positive side is providing protection to certain sectors of the economy to ensure constant supply of strategic resources like cheap food and energy and also ensures full employment.

In Malaysia, subsidies played an important role in our life by ensuring our cost of living stayed low. Subsidies will remain as long as the economy is doing well and it is also a political tool to win votes. Politicians knew the risk of getting unpopular when slashing subsidies and might get voted out in the next election. So it can be said that subsidy reduction is a policy tool of last resort and till this day it remains a foreign concept to most Governments. It will only be implemented when the state of the economy is in dire straits. Malaysia’s budget deficit problem is not an overnight phenomenon, it started after the last Asian Financial Crisis in 1998 as shown by the graph below.

To prevent a fallout of the economy and maintain our economic growth, our Government implemented expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. To raise the necessary funds our Government have the options of raising taxes or borrowing. Again raising taxes will be an unpopular measure as during that time our economy is going into a recession. Again during recessions, individuals and corporations will be earning less and hence their taxes. There is only so much blood you can squeeze from a turnip. So, our Government turned to borrowing. The following chart shows our Government Debt/GDP chart since 1996 which corresponds very well with the Government Budget deficit chart above.

As indicated above, our Government’s Debt/GDP was in the low 30s during the 1990s. However, it never looked back when our Government embarked on the borrow and spend policy. Once we get into the debt bandwagon it is very difficult to get out of it because of the ever increasing interest payments. The following charts show the amount of money we paid for our interest rate obligations for our debt per year.   

Year	US$	% of Revenue
2010	3.84	8.01
2011	4.04	8.96
2012	4.85	9.78

As can be seen above, our interest rate obligation on Government debts has been on the rise every year. In terms of value in 2012 we are paying about RM 16 billion (USD 4.85 billion x 3.3) in interest payments. What is more alarming is that for every RM100  of tax collected by our Government RM9.78 goes to the creditors. All our hard earned monies are being used to pay for the unnecessary wastages and imprudent spending by our Government. So now we know our Government is high and dry and heavily in debt. What will be the next course of action other than borrowing more? Cut spending but unfortunately not cutting it’s own but the masses. Thus the next policy option is to look for ways and means to trim spending and subsidy reduction cannot be a better option. As you know economic policies is a double edge sword or in other words there are side effects accompanying subsidy reduction.  

Side effects of Subsidy removal

Price Inflation

The amount of subsidy in 2012 was about RM 42.4 billion or 4% of GDP and is expected to drop to RM37.61 billion in 2013. The bulk of the subsidy went to fuel which accounted for about RM25 billion.  Needless to say the price of fuel will continue to go up as subsidy reduces in the coming years. Since demand for fuel is ‘inelastic to price increase’ the ‘trickle down’ effect will push up the prices of most goods. This is known as ‘cost push inflation’ as fuel is used in transportation and manufacturing. In layman terms this is called price inflation. The following chart shows the CPI (Consumer Price Index) which tracks the prices of certain essential goods paid by consumers.

In May 2010, Minister Idris Jala called for the reduction of our subsidies or our country faced bankruptcy. Unfortunately, the effort only resulted in one thing – soaring prices of goods and services as indicated by the chart above.

Crowding Out Effect

One of the dire problems faced by the Malaysian Government is the Budget Deficit. Budget deficit is a term to describe a situation where expenditure exceeds revenue. When a Government overshoots its expenditure it needs to borrow or increase taxes in order to finance the economic activity. As we already stated increasing taxes is not a popular option and most Government will try to avoid. This leaves us with borrowing as the other option. Borrowing from either domestic or foreign only resulted in one thing – increasing debts.

Given our current Government Debt to GDP stands at 54.8% as of 2013 which also capped at 55%, there is not much space to manoeuvre. Our Government needs to think of a way to raise funds without adding more to the official debt. How is it being done? One way is to source from domestic and that is by soaking up money from the public.

To illustrate, we use an example where the total GDP for country A is $100 million and the breakdown of the GDP is as follow. For simplicity, GDP can be defined as follows.

GDP = C + I + G + (X-M)  where,

C = Consumption

I = Investment

G = Government Spending

X = Export

I = Import

Consumption	50
Investment	20
Government	30
Total             RM	100

Government spending which is RM 30 million in this case can be further breakdown into education, defence, preservation of law and order, subsidy and etc. So by diverting resources from reduced subsidy to the private sector it can then be channelled the extra funds to other sectors such as defence and infrastructure.  So as you can see there is no change in the total Government expenditure which is $30 million. The only change is the composition of the spending and in this case a reduction in subsidy and an increase in defence and infrastructure expenditure. This is because the Government did not create any new money into the economy.  

So what we can deduce from here is that whenever the Government borrows or divert resources from other sources where the source of money is already in existence it will not add to existing money supply. This is what economists called non-monetized borrowing or non-monetized deficit financing. This is mainly paper shuffling or the transfer of money from the left to the right pocket and hence will not affect the Government Debt level. But this will eventually crowd out private spending and will not bode well for the economy. As government spending increases less will be available to the private sector and this will lead to reduced economic activity. How will this affect the economy?

You see our Government PRODUCES  ALMOST NOTHING that can add to its revenue. All of its revenues are derived from personal and corporate taxes, royalty, excise duty and so on. So when private expenditures are reduced, private investments will follow suite and this will lead to lower employment and also reduces our ability to earn foreign exchange.

Will Subsidy removal help reduce Deficits?

Obligation to Interest Payments

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An opportunity costs exists when our government meets its interest payments. If it had not accumulated so much debts then more funds would be diverted to other sectors of the economy such as subsidized, free education or maybe elimination of road tolls.

Further too this there will always be a threat from increasing interest rates. Increase interest rates mean higher interest rate obligations. There is no guarantee that our interest rates will always remain low because there is always the external threat. For example the current monster Japanese Quantitative Easing means the Yen will be falling to new lows. Being an export nation and with the current dampening prices of global commodities it will be a challenge for us to maintain our level of exports. We will either have to increase our productivity (which I don’t think can happen) or artificially make our export prices cheaper by depreciating our Ringgit. Bank Negara has recently announced that it is holding rates unchanged for the near term. Again as it is known, Central Banks cannot promote both Monetary  and Exchange Rate Policy at the same time.

To promote depreciation of our Ringgit, interest rates will have to rise so as to compensate foreign investors for the loss in their foreign exchange. If our rates remain unchanged then there will be a big exodus of foreign funds from our country. When foreign funds depart in a big way then it will cause further spiralling downwards of our Ringgit because they will be selling ringgit for foreign currency.  

If Bank Negara chooses to promote internal stability by holding down interest rates then we will have to sacrifice our Ringgit. But then it poses a threat to the private sector in terms of higher debt load due to our Ringgit depreciation. Below are the charts of both internal and external public and private debts.

Debt	Domestic	Foreign	Total
Public	438	18	456
Private	749	239	988

Debt	Domestic	Foreign	Total
Public	51%	2%	53%
Private	87%	28%	115%

As from above, it can be seen that the real problem is in the private sector. The total private sector debts amounted to 115% of GDP and 28% of it is foreign based. So whichever policy Bank Negara chooses either by holding rates low or intervening in the foreign exchange market to prop up the Ringgit the private sector will still be affected. In short Bank Negara is in between a rock and a hard place.

The question is since deficit is bad for the economy why not our Government starts controlling it? The answer has to do with the special interest group or UMNO as we know it. When our Government spends and increase the deficit, the special interest group will be benefitting from new projects and kickbacks while the losers will be the poor due to the increased debt their future generations will have to pay. Alternatively when our Government decrease spending and reduce the deficit then obviously the losers will be the special interest group and the winner will be the public due to lower future debts their children will have to carry.

Thus any Government program that promotes spending that increases the deficit represents a form of Wealth Transfer or a reverse Robin Hood operation. Because it takes money from the average and poor Malaysians (in taxes) and pays the rich Malaysians and Foreign Bond holders in terms of yields.

Other Solutions available?

The answer is in fact YES. For any recovery to be sustainable, initially the government will have to lead the way by increasing taxes and reducing its own spending on the fiscal and monetary framework. Yes increased taxes in the private and cost cutting in the public sector. How can it be done?

Increase Taxes

Is there a situation where a tax is not a tax? When the tax is a ‘sin tax’ and this refers to tax imposed on consumption of ‘sinful goods and services’ like alcohol, tobacco and gambling. It is often argued that consumers of sinful goods and services are causing unnecessary health care and law and order maintaining expenses. And they are causing the rest of the 90% of the population who are not ‘sinners’ to pay for those unnecessary expenses. If there are less people consume alcohol and tobacco there will be less cancer and heart attack patients and hence less health care expenses to be allocated to these patients. Similarly if less people are frequenting the casinos or even the number forecasting outlets then it not only resulted in fewer family break-up but also a reduction of crime. Naturally the government will allocate fewer resources to fight crime and maintain law and order. If this problem is not arrested then we will always face the problem of increasing police to population ratio and hence expenses.

From a Canadian study where the price of a pack of cigarette was raised from 59 cents in 1977 to $1.94 in 1993, it was found that the consumption of tobacco felled 30% during that period. What other benefits following such a reduction in the consumption of tobacco? It is estimated that at least $160 to $180 billion could be saved from related expenses in healthcare and other social costs. Moreover it also found that from the increased in price only 26 cents end up in the Government’s coffer in terms of taxes while 96 cents went to tobacco companies and their sellers.

A study by Will manning at the Rand Corporation on alcohol found that drinkers are paying much less for their cost for their activity. Their report found that for every ounce of alcohol consumed the drinkers are paying 22 cents but it costs the society 48 cents. It also found that increase taxes will lead to lower consumption. A 10% increase in alcohol tax will lead to a 3% drop in consumption.   

Cost cutting in Government

Or should we say fat trimming in the public sector. Isn’t it fair that private sector austerity type measures like wage and bonus freeze, head count reduction and other cost cutting measures be applied to the public sector? I reckon it about time and put an end to the special interest group in lobbying for the benefit of the public servants. Why are they (public servants) getting all the benefits like yearly bonus and other perks since their salaries are finance by the taxes from the private sector? So what needs to be trimmed?

Cutting Public Employees

Malaysia has again achieved another record breaking effort but this time for the wrong reason being one of the highest public servants to population ration in the world, according to the OECD standards in 2009. All I can say is that this is a perfect for sending our Government to the cleaners. With more than 1.3 million civil servants serving a population of 26 million is indeed a feat that cannot be easily accomplished. The total salary paid to our public servants in 2008 totalled RM 41 billion. Our bloated PM’s Department has about 43,000 workers in 2011 while the White House has only 1888 workers. Budget allocated for the White House is only US391 million whereas our PM’s Department was allocated RM 18.2 billion. The following table best illustrate our achievement.

Country	(%)
Malaysia	4.68
Hong Kong	2.3
Taiwan	2.3
Thailand	2.06
Korea	1.86
Phillipines	1.81
Indonesia	1.79
Singapore	1.5
Laos	1.24
Cambodia	1.18

When public servants are trimmed there are ample room for improvement in terms of delivery and efficiency. Unproductive workers should be dropped while the productive ones should be rewarded. This also helps to reduce work redundancy in the public sector. Currently there is a trend going around the world to reduce the public servants to population ratio. But we tend to do thing the other way. In law instead of punishing the victims we punish the whistle blowers and in the public sector we attest to Gresham’s Law where the worst push out the best.

Privatizing the Public Sector

Another reform that can be done is to privatize certain Government linked Companies (GLC) in Malaysia. Privatization creates competition between the public and private sectors. This also helps to improve the competitive levels among the public and private enterprise workers. Needless to say privatization gives companies the chance to experiment with strategies and other risky adventures that are once reserved for the private companies. A fine example will be Telekom Malaysia. Before their privatization in the early 1980s, applying for a phone line in remote areas is virtually close to impossible. This is due to the uncompetitive nature of the business and Telekom Malaysia has virtually a monopoly on the business. So there is no incentive for the company to expand its business and thus improvement in delivery and customer relationship.

However since it was privatized in 1987 its services and delivery improved multiple folds and can now compete with both local and foreign private telecommunication operators.

Accountable Public Sector

A new method or an accounting system is needed to record all transactions that are free of fraudulent practices, valuations and budgeting. Rather than letting our current system which enables debts to be hidden as an off balance sheet item, we need a more robust system that is transparent, open and free from deceptive accounting which will lead to deceptive management practices. As for the precedent according to the Economist, New Zealand in 1992 became the first nation to adopt the commercial accounting principles with full balance sheet of its assets and liabilities.  

Controlling the Housing Bubble

Thanks to the Quantitative Easing effort by our Government. The easy availability of cheap credit has led to the biggest boom in our real estate sector. Real estate flipping has been one of the favourite past time among Malaysians for the past few years. As a result house prices in prime or tier-1 areas in Penang, Johor and Selangor have gone through the roof.  The asset price boom for the past few years has resulted in many low to middle income earners unable to afford a house. The average price of a double storey link house in the Klang Valley is about 8 times the annual household income in Malaysia. Based on the monthly household income of RM5000 this work out to about RM480,000 for a house.

But effort by our Government to mitigate the problem of housing shortages by building more affordable homes seems to be getting nowhere. Spending more on the housing sector will worsen the budget deficit. This is because the building of new homes always lag the number of people falling into the ‘unable to afford’ category due to the rapid rising costs of living. One way to solve the problem is to control the rapid rise in housing prices so that more people can afford it. How can we do it?

Traditionally, the commonly used policy to control an over-heating housing sector is by introducing cooling off measures such as increasing the interest rates. But increasing interest rates across the board will only help to take some steam off certain over-heated locations such as Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and so on. How about other areas such as Kuala Kangsar, Taiping, Kota Bahru, Muar and so on? These areas have not experienced the steep housing price inflation as those indicated above. Thus when we increased the interest rates, then those who are living in smaller cities and towns will be affected because their income are lower than their counterparts that are living in K.L or J.B. The increased in costs of borrowing will reduced their demand for houses and thus will affect the local economy. This further exacerbates the rural-urban housing problem. One way to solve the problem is to implement ‘interest rate targeting’.  

By interest rate targeting we mean to implement different interest rates in different locations. This policy has proven to be quite effective in arresting the problem of excessive housing bubble in South Korea. So instead of setting interest rate across the board we set higher interest rates for over-heated areas like K.L or Penang while leaving the rest of the country with lower or unchanged interest rates. Thus, this not only helped reduce housing speculation in major cities but also aid housing boom in smaller towns.   

Capping Government Spending

If our Government seriously want to get out of its deficit hole, it first needs to stop digging. Since we already have a cap on Government Debt/GDP ratio in the Constitution, why not we extend it to Government spending as well? Since budget deficit is a by-product of over spending then why not we target the core of the problem? The main idea of having a spending growth cap is to ensure our Government will always spend within its means. There are several methods where we can structure the cap by way of population growth, inflation rate or GDP growth. Thus if we were to cap it to the GDP annual growth rate then the total spending by our Government’s for this year can only grow by 4.7% which is 2013’s GDP growth.

In Wrapping Up

It is always a dream for policy makers to achieve a balance budget. The problem is that while everyone wants a balance budget nobody wants to go through the process of doing what it takes to balance the budget. Nobody likes austerity measures like reducing consumption, increasing savings and wages and bonus freeze.

 

We are living in an age where instant gratification is the order of the day while delayed gratification has long forgotten. Similarly, in order to balance our budget deficit, our Government will need to impose austerity measures not only on its citizen but also on itself. Implementing ‘shock therapy’ economic policies is not new in Malaysia.

In fact the engineering of the last major blackout in 1993, has led to the mushrooming of the Independent Power Producers. Needless to say, since then we have been paying very high electricity bills. Another good example on how ‘shock and awe’ tactic being by our elites was during the Asian Financial Crisis. To make sure that the banking sector fell into fewer hands, more than 50 banks are forced to merge into 10 universal banks. Needless to say the winners are mostly the political allies and cronies.  Further to that, Idris Jala also used the same tactic by threatening the masses that Malaysia is going bankrupt by 2019. When the news was out and people are still in a state of shock and unable to provide any resistance, our Government has already steam rolled subsidy rationalisation. As a result our cost of living has since been rising rapidly.  

Shock therapy economic policy was introduced by a University of Chicago economics professor by the name of Milton Friedman. In his ‘shock doctrine’ he said that only a crisis produces real change. When a crisis occurs, action must be taken fast (3-6 months) so as to achieve rapid fire major changes or economic transformations such as privatization, tax increase, deregulation and cuts in social spending and subsidies. These are also the hallmark of the International Aid Organisations such as the IMF and World Bank because many of the top people running these organisations are from the Chicago School. Countries that obtained bailout loans from them will have to be subjected to shock therapy economic policies. These radical policies are also known as the ‘Chicago School Revolution’.

Another country that applied shock therapy tactics to succumb its citizen is Indonesia. Instead of following the Chicago School Revolution, Suharto leaned to the University of California at Berkeley which also known as the ‘Berkeley Mafia’. The Berkeley Mafia was funded by the Ford Foundation and is responsible for drafting of Indonesia’s economic blueprint. Similar to the Chicago Boys, the Berkeley Mafia with the help of The Ford Foundation set up the economics department at the University of Indonesia. Soon, these young economic graduates packed the Suharto’s Cabinet. Suharto started to implement shock therapy policies during the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis. He used the shock and awe tactics like repression and instilling fear on the masses pre-emptively so that the country would go into a shock. While the masses are still in a state of shock they are unable to provide any resistance. Suharto then proceeded to implement economic policies by allowing foreign companies to 100% of their resources and at the same time also granted tax holidays.  

Subsidy removal by our Government is a subtle form of economic shock therapy. It is as potent and deadly as Milton Friedman’s shock and awe therapy although it may be slower. Our current fuel subsidy removal is an example. By incrementing fuel prices by 20 cents each time our Government hoped that it incur less pain into the masses so there will less discontent and hence demonstrations. But they are wrong because the effects are the same – price inflation and less spending – which ultimately leads to less revenue for the Government in terms of taxes.   

The author is the Economic Advisor to the National Union of Bank Employees.

 

Why are we Feeling so Squeezed when our Stock Market and Economy is Booming?

By Sam Chee Kong

As we are going through our daily chores, I am sure many of us realized that life is much tougher now than it was 20 years ago. We still remember those days when mum takes care of the family while dad is away for work. During those days it was possible to sustain a family even when only one family member worked. Gone are the days when we can afford a house with a salary slightly above RM 1000. Gone are the days when tuition fees in private colleges only cost about RM 1800 per year.

Today, we may work twice as hard and with two incomes (including our spouse) but our paycheck is not stretching that far or shall I put it more bluntly alarmingly thin. After paying for daily and monthly expenses such as gas, groceries, food, phone bills, broadband, utility, credit cards and so on, there isn’t much left to save. Even though our income may be many times that of our parents but we are still struggling to provide ends meet. In short why are we feeling more SQUEEZED?

Didn’t our leaders boast that our economy is going through a transformation and we are heading towards a ‘new economy’. We have our Economic Transformation Program, 10th Malaysian Plan, New Economic Model and Government Transformation Program to help fast track our economy to achieve its ‘develop status’ by 2020. As a result we often hear and read great economic news about our stock market, employment, productivity, economic growth, corporate profits and income growth in the mainstream media. Thus with the above so-called achievements, we should be making progress and life should be much easier. Instead, we faced a tougher life by getting heavily in debts when we try to secure basic things like health care or sending our children to better colleges. For those who can’t afford, they either have to do away with health coverage or sending their kids to lesser known colleges.

Before we look into the causes of the Squeeze, let’s take a look at the progress made by our economy.

            

Our economy has been doing remarkably well when compared to most Western countries. Malaysia’s GDP has grown from RM 110.2 billion in 2003 to RM312.44 billion in 2013.

Our unemployment rate dropped from 4% in 2003 to 2.98% in 2013. This is a commendable figure as unemployment rate below 3% is considered near full employment. This being one of the objectives pursued by Bank Negara which includes full employment, price and exchange rate stability.  

The latest figure for our inflation rate is 3.3% in June 2014. As can be seen although the inflation rate spiked to more than 8% in 2008, during the past 10 years it averages about 3.5%. Thus it can be said that we have achieved price stability during the past few years.

Next is the Stock Market. Currently our FBMKLCI is trading in near record territory at 1871 points. Our market has risen from about 850 points in 2008 which amounted to about 120%.

But wait a minute, with such fantastic news coming out from our economy, why are we still feeling Squeeze?

Why we feel Squeezed?

On one side our government is reporting excellent economic performance while on the other side we are feeling the pinch. So something doesn’t add up or should we say ‘the whole is not equal to the sum of its parts’. Before we go on to tackle the problem let me illustrate the root cause of the problem and how an economy manifested into such a situation.

In simple definition, an economy consists of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services by different actors. Different economic actors are governments, individuals and businesses and they always stride to best provide the goods and services that we want and need in an efficient manner. This process can best be illustrated with the following simple flow chart.

As can be seen in a free market economy the above process will be self-regulating without the need of government interference. As it is, rational consumers and investors will always look for ways to maximize their resource allocation through profit incentive. The problem begins when the government starts interfering into the activities of both consumers and investors.

To prevent the natural forces of supply and demand from cleansing the economy from excesses, governments seek to manipulate the economy through other remedies. They will unleash monetary and fiscal policies to artificially bolster the economy. Some methods commonly used are the following.

Increasing Money Supply

Countries that are running on the Keynesian track tend to believe that prosperity can be achieved by increasing the aggregate demand through increasing the money supply. They reckon that by increasing the money supply it will lead to ↑ spending, ↑ production, ↑ employment and subsequently ↑ standard of living. In reality it leads to both mal-investments and increases in prices. Due to the easy availability of money, governments tend to invest in riskier and less commercially viable projects, bailing out uncompetitive companies and so on.

Eventually it will lead to the liquidation or closure of these projects which cause unemployment to rise and spending to fall. We are led to believe that through Quantitative Easing (increase money supply), our government will be able to monetize its debts without causing prices to rise. But according to the classical Quantitative Theory of Money, there exists a positive correlation between the money supply and price level. The bigger money supply will eventually lead to higher prices. This can be shown by the following formula.

P=MV/T    where,

P = Price, M = Money Supply, V = Velocity and T = Transactions

Thus, when the money supply increases, so does the price.

Interest Rate Manipulation

It is of common view that anything that is low and cheap is good and that includes interest rates. Authorities tend to drive down interest rates artificially through open market operations. But sometimes driving down interest rates artificially will lead to unintended consequences such as a credit bubble, asset speculation and other distortion in the economy.

This is because interest rate is a product of the market where the rise or fall is determined by the demand and supply. Rates will automatically goes up when there is an excess demand over the supply for loanable funds. If rates are kept down so that banks can lend more to consumers through credit cards or personal loans then it will not be a productive venture. No doubt it will help boost consumption and hence production but at the expense of higher consumer and household debts which we are facing now. Household debt in Malaysia is already at boiling point (86% of GDP) and any attempt to rein it in will risk a credit contraction which might implode our economy.

Foreign Exchange Manipulation

To boost exports governments will lower their currency. Lower exchange rate will lead to cheaper exports and expensive imports. The winner will be the exporters as they will do more business and receive more foreign exchange. The increase in foreign currency receipts will eventually increase the money supply when it is converted into local currency.

The increase in money supply will push prices up forcing the authority to begin another round of currency depreciation so as to make prices cheaper. Eventually this feedback loop will cause price to increase further. The winners will be those who receive the money first such as the owners, employees and suppliers while the rest of us will have to live with higher price.

Thus, the above illustrates how the government manipulation of the economy will lead to unsustainable economic growth which looks good on paper but benefits only certain group of people. Those that are benefiting from the economic growth are the powers to be who are able to hijack the economy to their own benefit. Thus this prevented the fair distribution of benefits to all that would derive from any economic growth. As a result this gives rise to what economist called ‘income and economic inequality’.

Capping the power of trade unions

Government policy has been limiting the scope and bargaining power of the trade unions. A good example is the merging and consolidating the 58 banks during the last Asian Financial Crisis in 1998. To strengthen the banking sector our government took the initiative to consolidate the banks through mergers to form 10 anchor banks. As a result many jobs are lost and this also affected the membership of bank trade unions such as the National Union of Bank Employees. Fewer members mean less bargaining power.

Another step taken by the authority is to allow banks to form their own trade unions such as the Maynew in Maybank. By allowing internal unions, it also meant fewer employees are going to join external unions like NUBE whose objective goes against the banks direction. As a result NUBE suffered a drastic drop in membership, from more than 50,000 members at their peak to about 30,000 at the moment. Fewer members mean less monthly subscription and thus fewer resources to help them fight for the rights of workers.

Capping the bargaining power of workers

In recent years the loosening of the immigration policy in regard to foreign workers has altered the bargaining power and hence the fortunes of local employees. It is estimated that there are more than 5 million foreign workers both legal and illegal being employed in Malaysia. Due to the abundant supply of foreign workers, the bargaining power of our local workers had clearly diminished. Any form of discontent manifested in the form of strike, production disruption or ‘go slow’ or complains are met with job dismissal. Foreign workers are known to be hard working, less demanding and more conforming are more than willing to fill-up their places. This also helps explain why it takes so many years to raise the minimum wage to RM900.

By employing foreign workers, local companies gained not only from lesser disruption in their production flow but also lower cost of production. Lower cost means lower prices for our products and hence we are able to compete in the international market although this advantage may be temporary because other nations will soon catch up with us. Increasing exports means more profits and hence more tax and excise duties for our government. Most importantly it brings in the much needed foreign exchange.

Thus, you can see that there is no interest for the government to increase the minimum wage. History has shown that with the absence of near full employment or tight labor market, workers are not able to demand a higher compensation for their services. Any benefit generated from economic growth will not be equally distributed. Hence, you can see why the fortune of the top 20% of the population is protected at the expense of the rest and also contributed to the ever widening income gap.

Uneven economic recovery

As we have seen above our job recovery since the Global Financial Crisis in 2008 has not been rising in tandem with the economic recovery. Hence wages has not been growing as fast as the economy which is measured by GDP. The following two charts depict our wages and GDP growth from 2008 till 2013. I shall use the present/future value formula to approximate the compound rate of growth on both the wages and GDP.

Using the present/future value formula below,

FV = PV (1+i)ⁿ  

FV = Future Value

PV = Present Value

I = Interest Rate

N = number of years compound

We are able to derive the compound rate of Malaysia’s GDP growth from 2008 to 2013 which is ± 6.2%.

Again using the present/future value formula the compound rate of growth of Malaysia’s manufacturing wages come to ± 5.25%.

Thus it can be seen that our wages lags our economic growth. Bear in mind both are in nominal terms. Our next question is why has our economic recovery is not accompanied by a rising job market.

1. Our Government policy on giving importance to macro-prudential prevented recessions from getting out of hand. Any sign of our economy slowing down will be dealt with loosening monetary policy like increasing money supply or rate adjustments. Thus we are always delaying our problems and prevented our economy from taking the natural course of action to rid itself of excesses like over consumption, mal-investment or credit and credit and real-estate bubbles. Thus, when recovery is on th8e way it will be a slow process. Unlike a recovery after a severe recession there will be a chance for the economy to experience what known as a ‘pent-up demand’. When an economy is experiencing a pent-up demand, production is unable to meet demand and hence the demand for labor. When there is a shortage of labor wages will increase commensurately.

2. Due to the technological advance like the availability of production planning softwares like MRP and ERP, production planners are able to plan their production weeks and months ahead. This allowed them to stock up their inventory. During good times they stock up on their inventory while during bad times they can deplete it. Being able to plan ahead enabled them to practice ‘precision hiring’. Precision hiring means they can cut their workforce during lean times and beef up during better times. Moreover they can ‘fine tune’ their hiring process further by employing temporary or contract workers working alongside the permanent workers.

Income Inequality

Malaysia can be considered one of the most unequal nations in the Asia Pacific region in terms of income distribution. Income inequality can be measured by a statistical approach called Gini coefficient or index. The Gini index is used to measure the gap between the poor and the rich. The higher the reading the higher is the inequality. The following graph shows Malaysia’s standing in the Asia Pacific region.

.

Source : http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx

As can be seen from above, Malaysia ranked third in terms of income inequality in Asia Pacific. High income inequality means higher proportion of the nation wealth held by a smaller group of individuals. This also implied that any benefits that derived from economic growth will flow to the higher income group instead of the lower income. To lessen the negative effects of income inequality on the provision of health care, education, housing and other social services, our Government increased the minimum wage to RM900 as of this year.

However this will not address the inequality problem as I will demonstrate with the following. According to the 2012 Household Income Survey, it found that the average monthly income of Malaysian households rose from RM4025 in 2009 to RM5000 in 2012. This is equivalent to an average rise of 7.2% per annum. A household by definition consists of 4.2 family members. Source:http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Prices/files/CPI/2013/SEP/BI/02Malaysia.pdf

Thus, it can be deduced that the average income per person in a household is RM1190 (RM5000/4.2). So, in essence raising the minimum wage to RM900 does not have much material effect on average household income since they already earned more. On the other hand, it benefits the foreign workers who are earning a basic salary of about RM600 per month. To be effective, the minimum wage should be raised close to the average household income per person of RM1190.

Another point that I want to stress is that when our government said that ‘the average monthly household income’ rose from RM4025 to RM5000. When they use average as a metric to describe how evenly the benefits of growth are being shared then it is clearly flawed. Why is that so?

Let me present to you a hypothetical economy with 10 workers. Each of them earns RM100 a month, then the average income for the 10 workers is RM100 x 10/10 which is RM100. What happens when we add in another worker whose earning is RM3400? The new average will then be :

((RM100 x 10) + RM3400) / 11 = RM400

But the problem is that the median income is still RM100 although the average income is RM400 which is 4x the median. This is because median takes the middle number in the series as shown below.

100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,3400

This also helped to explain why the average household income of RM5000 does not represent the true earnings of an average Malaysian Household as trumpeted by our government. It should be much less when we take the ever widening gap between the rich and the poor into the equation.

Income Inequality

High income inequality means higher proportion of the nation’s wealth held by a smaller group of individuals. This also implied that any benefits that derived from economic growth will flow to the group instead to those from lower income. Our next question is how much wealth held by the ‘elite’ top 10% and bottom 10% of the population? It can best be described by the following two charts.

Source: Compiled from World Bank Data

As can be seen, the wealth held by the top 10% of the population increased from 28.77% in 2003 to 34.65% in 2009. At the other end of the spectrum, the wealth held by the bottom 10% of the population decreased from 2.67% in 2003 to 1.78% in 2009. This shows that the wealth held by the bottom 10% dropped by one third or 33.33% (2.67-1.78/2.67) whereas the top 10% increased their wealth by 20.4% (34.65-28.77/28.77) from 2003-2009. So what caused such a great disparity in our income distribution?

A look into the amount of wealth held by the top 20% should provide us a better understanding on the unequal flow of economic benefits. Below is the chart of the % of wealth held by the top 20% population in Malasia.

When we have 20% of the population controlling 51.45% of our country’s wealth then we are in trouble. Any ‘trickle down’ effect resulted from economic growth will not benefit much the 80% of the population. To prove it, let take a look at the following statistical table taken from ASM (Amanah Saham Malaysia).  

Unit	Investors	Amount (RM)
5000 <	215,374	273,169,579
5001 - 10,000	56,293	395,879,842
10,000 - 50,000	187,331	4,366,845,165
50,001 - 500,000	79,918	8,497,724,998
500,000 >	953	805,805,416

Before we go on let’s do a bit of basic mathematics. From the table we can see that the last two groups (50,001 -500,000 and 500,000 >) in the Unit column control the lion share of the trust fund. To see how much they control I present you the following.

% of units held by investors in the 2 groups

= (79,918 + 953)/539,869 = 15%

% of total amount (RM) in funds held by the 2 groups

= (8,497,724,998+805,805,416)/14,339,419,000 = 64.8%

As can be seen 15% of investors controlled 64.8% of the funds in ASM. So when dividends are declared who benefit the most? The top 15% or the rest of the 85%?

In Wrapping Up

                   

Income inequality is a problem in any country. Governments tried various measures but still unable to overcome it. This is because only when income inequality is reduced then a country’s economic growth will be sustainable. A study by the IMF shows that the lower the income inequality the longer the number of years a country can enjoy sustainable growth. It can be shown by the following graph.

In Malaysia we tried to overcome it with cash hand outs, education, ethnic preferential economic policies but to no avail because all of them failed to create an environment for sustainable real wages growth. At the end the day the most important thing is to have a solid pay check to settle all your mortgages and bills.

Most importantly, we may have been barking at the wrong tree all along. Although our inflation rate is low, we are led to believe that the overall price increase is not out of hand. This is because while some things are falling in prices such as hand phones, computers, hi-fi sets, cameras and etc, other goods are increasing at heartbeat levels. Although some of us may have higher real wages growth but we are still falling behind some basic necessities such as education, health care, real estate and so on. The cost of health care, education and houses far outstripped the CPI or Consumer Price Index (at 3.3% in June) which is the measure of inflation.

So do you reckon that income inequality should be seriously incorporated into any future Government policy?

The author is the Economic Adviser to the National Union of Bank Employees

How much money and what High Net Worth Individuals Owned?

The following is the summary of the Global High Net Worth Individual’s wealth. It grew by 14% and in totality reached $52.6 trillion. Asia is the fastest growing region with 4.3 million people controlling $14.2 trillion. In terms of wealth it grew 18.2%.